Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins and minerals support coenzyme function, signaling, oxygen transport, skeletal structure and antioxidant defenses. Deficiency and excess may both be harmful.
Open interactive lesson & self-check ↗Vitamins and minerals — learning map
Original conceptual SVG · scalableOriginal schematic relationship map for this topic; relationships are organized for study, not intended as an anatomical depiction or a diagnostic algorithm.
Water-soluble vitamins
The B vitamins contribute to reactions in energy and macromolecule metabolism; vitamin C supports collagen hydroxylation and other processes.
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E and K have distinct roles in vision and differentiation, calcium metabolism, antioxidant processes and clotting-factor modification.
Iron and iodine
Iron is central to hemoglobin and many enzymes; iodine is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.
Calcium and phosphate
These minerals contribute to skeletal mineralization and many cellular processes; hormonal and renal systems coordinate their concentrations.
Reference and next reading
Explore the original curriculum and publisher-hosted resources for full-depth reading; this note is an original schematic introduction, not an exhaustive chapter.